Ranbaxy Daiichi - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1061 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Ranbaxy – Daiichi Sankyo Deal Akash Bangani Dipika Bhura Gaurav Khetan Neetu Rathod 12065 12077 12082 12118 Agenda †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Industry Overview Companies’ Profiles Snapshot of the deal Financing the deal Benefits to Daiichi Benefits to Ranbaxy Synergies Post Acquisition challenges Recent Developments Conclusion Indian Pharmaceutical Industry †¢ Present size of $14 billion. †¢ Ranks 4th in world in terms of production and 13th in terms of consumption. †¢ Highly fragmented. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ranbaxy Daiichi" essay for you Create order 325 large and medium-scale companies and 26000 small-scale companies. Can be divided in 2 segments – Formulation and Bulk Drugs Market Share of segments 20% 80% Formulations Bulk Drugs Porter’s 5 forces Threat of Entry: MODERATE Competition: HIGH Porter’s 5 forces Model Threat of substitute: LOW Bargaining power of customers: MODERATE Bargaining power of suppliers: LOW Company Profile: Ranbaxy †¢ Incorporated in 1961. †¢ The largest pharmaceutical company in India and among the top 100 pharmaceuticals companies in the world. †¢ Ranked 8th largest generic drug company in the world. †¢ Ground operations in 49 countries and manufacturing operations in 11 countries. Exports contribute to around 80% of total revenues. †¢ 2008-Global Sales of US $ 1,682 Million Market Reach structure: Ranbaxy Shareholding before Deal Revenue Diversification REGION North America Europe SHARE 26% 23% Category Promoters Domestic Institutions FII’s Holding 34. 8% 23. 3% 18% India Emerging Markets Developed Markets 21% 54% 40% Shareholding after Deal Category Daiichi Sankyo Rest Holding 64% 36% Others 6% About Daiichi Sankyo †¢ Established in 2005 , after the merger of two leading companies in Japan- Sankyo Company Ltd. Daiichi Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. Proprietary researched based pharmaceutical company. †¢ Sales Splits: Japan – 68% North America – 20% Europe – 9% Other – 3% Daiichi – Sankyo (Current Data) Snapshot of the deal †¢ On June 11, 2008 Daiichi agreed to pay $4. 6 billion for acquiring 51% stake in Ranbaxy putting the total enterprise value of Ranbaxy at $8. 5 billion. †¢ Deal financing through a mix of debt and existing cash resources of Daiichi Sankyo. †¢ The purchase price of Rs. 737 represents a premium of above 50% to Ranbaxy’s average daily closing price on the National Stock Exchange. Deal would make the combined entity 15th largest pharmaceutical company in the world. Acquisition of Shares Date of Acquisition Oct 15th 2008 Oct 20th 2008 Oct 20th 2008 Particulars Open offer Preferential Share Promoters No. of Shares 92,519,126 46,258,063 81,913,234 Nov 7th 2008 Promoters TOTAL 48,020,900 268,711,323 †¢Issue of warrants which could be converted into equity shares between 6 to 18 months. 3000 2980 2960 Stock Price in Yen Daiichi 12th, 2980 11th, 2975 2940 2920 16th, 2945 18th, 2935 17th, 2930 13th, 2910 2900 2880 2860 9th, 2850 2840 2820 0 2 10th, 2835 4 6 8 0 Ranbaxy 610 600 590 580 Stock Price 570 560 550 540 12th, 543. 5 10th, 560. 75 11th, 560. 8 13th, 566. 9 17th, 581. 45 16th, 567. 75 18th, 598. 2 530 520 0 9th, 526. 4 2 4 6 8 10 Financing the Deal †¢ Daiichi was to finance 50% through bank borrowings. †¢ Less amount of debt in the Balance Sheet was an added advantage to the Co. in securing loans to fund the deal. †¢ Remaining 50% funded through internal financial resources ? Ample liquidity to finance the deal. Total Retained Earnings= $ 10. 26 bn Marketable securities = $5. 26 bn Cash = $ 473. 35 mn Investments = $ 2. 16 bn As on march, 2008 Triggering Factors of the Deal †¢ Changing dynamics of the global pharmaceutical business †¢ Increasing population †¢ Government’s increasing focus on Healthcare. †¢ Patents reaching expiration †¢ Changing consumer trends †¢ Amendment in Patent Act, 2005 Patent Expiration worldwide What Daiichi gets from the deal †¢ Promoters 34. 8% stake and total of 63% stake †¢ Ranbaxy’s world class manufacturing facilities in 14 countries. †¢ 1100 strong R teams and 300 innovative research teams †¢ Daiichi moves from 22nd rank to 15th among world largest pharmaceutical companies Enhancing the generic product portfolio by 20 FTF (First-toFile) product launches providing market opportunity of $26 billion. Advantages to Daiichi †¢ Will be able to reduce its reliance on only branded drugs †¢ Gets access to developing markets with around 60 countries. †¢ Strengthen its base in Japanese generic market (Govt . support) †¢ Could gain access at a lower cost to a huge number of English-speaking scientists in India †¢ Low cost manufacturing set up Driving factors for Ranbaxy †¢ Entry into Japanese market, world’s second largest pharmaceutical market. †¢ Strengthened balance sheet as it would become debtfree. Huge infusion of cash †¢ Opportunity to capitalize on Daiichi’s strength in innovation. †¢ Opportunities for both organic inorganic growth. †¢ Gains access to Daiichi Sankyo’s R expertise to advance its branded drugs business. †¢ A much larger product basket to leverage globally. Complementary business combination Synergies of Acquisitions †¢ Manufacturing and R D collaboration – Value Chain Activities Benefit from advanced technology coupled with low cost DIS can improve operational efficiency by sourcing APIs from Ranbaxy Reduced the impact of new Patent Act, 2005. Product portfolio in emerging markets. †¢ Developed clinical research environment. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Benefits in value chain activities Daiichi Sankyo’s expertise Ranbaxy’s expertise Product Portfolio Daiichi Sankyo RANBAXY Major Therapy Anti – infectives Cardiovasculars Gastrointestinals Percentage 37 16 NA Major Therapy Anti hypertensive drug Synthetic antibacterial agent Thrombiosis Diabetes Cancer Autoimmune diseases Sale Largest 2nd largest Musculoskeletal Central Vervous System Respiratory 8 6 6 Post Acquisition Financials Daiichi Sankyo Causes of worry †¢ FDA and DOJ probe. Lack of expertise in running a global business. †¢ Legal Issues (Pfizer) †¢ Economic downturn. †¢ Cutting down of Royalty Payments Challenges †¢ Corporate governance structure. †¢ Implementing robust planning processes to enable the acquired entity to function optimally in the post acquisition context. †¢ Aligning the employees to the vision of the combined entity, thus increasing employee morale and minimizing employee attrition. †¢ Communicating to all customers and business partners especially given that a acquisition lends vulnerability to any organization from a competitive perspective. Cross Cultural issues. †¢ There might be certain conflict of interest while taking strategic long term decisions. Challenges contd.. †¢ Difficult to convince the doctors that the relation with the company would remain intact. †¢ Dilute Ranbaxy’s Equity. †¢ The currency hedges by Ranbaxy would cost the Japanese drug maker around $122 m †¢ Ranbaxy may face problems with Daiichi’s relentless focus on quality. Recent Developments †¢ Sep 2009: 30 drugs from 2 factories banned by FDA (loss $40 m) †¢ May 2009: Malvinder Singh quits as CEO and MD of Ranbaxy †¢ May 2009: Daiichi records a valuation loss of $ 3. 5 b in goodwill †¢ April 2010: 23. 8 b warrants lapsed le ading to forfeit of Rs. 1756 crores †¢ July 2010: Ranbaxy transferred its NDDR unit to Daiichi at Rs. 145 cr thereby removing all expenses attached to R †¢ Aug 2010: Atul Sobti quits as CEO due to difference with management. Conclusion †¢ High premium paid †¢ Ranbaxys problems with the FDA highlight the potential pitfalls acquisitive companies such as Daiichi Sankyo face when shopping for deals overseas †¢ Planning seemed less strategic and more opportunistic. †¢ Lack of due diligence . †¢ Inadequate cultural and operational integration. This deal has busted two mythsâ€Å"That innovators will never buy generics that Indian promoters will never sell† Reference †¢ Annual Reports of Daiichi-Sankyo and Ranbaxy †¢ Articles from leading newspapers(Economic Times) †¢ https://www. daiichisankyo. com/ †¢ https://www. ranbaxy. com/ †¢ Research Reports from Emkay Contribution †¢ Akash: Analysis of industry facts about t he deal. †¢ Dipika: Valuation †¢ Gaurav: Analysis of deal fromRanbaxy’s perspective synergies. †¢ Neetu: Analysis of the deal from Daiichi’s perspective Challenges Thank You

The Civil War Of America - 1854 Words

The Civil War The American Civil War was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the 34 states in 1861, seven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, the South, included eleven states. The states that remained loyal to the United States and did not declare secession were known as the Union or the North. The war had its origin in the factious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. After four years of fighting, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South s infrastructure, the†¦show more content†¦Speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so. The first six to secede had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, a total of 48.8 percent for the six. Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincoln s inaugural address declared his administration would not initiate civil war. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession. Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy. Efforts at compromise failed, and both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene; none did and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Because Europe relied on cotton so heavily they had to find a new place to receive their cotton. They found Egyptian cotton which later became a much more desirable fabric. The causes of the Civil War were complex and have been controversial since the war began. James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists, who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war. Slavery was the

Horizontal Health Equity Refers To the Balance in the Provision

Question: Horizontal Health Equity Refers To the Balance in How the Provision? Answer: Introducation: HIV refers to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and it can lead to disease known as AIDS (Acquired Human Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). It attacks the immune system of the body and is very difficult to get rid of it in a complete manner .It has been reported that 1000 Australian people are diagnosed with HIV every year and people are diagnosed at a later stage ,after the virus has caused illness in them. Australia is able to eliminate AIDS but not HIV infection among the individuals. It is estimated that Australia will be able to become HIV free by the year 2020. It has also been reported that there is a growth of around 13 % in the patients infected by HIV every year in the country. It was also reported in 2015 that there was 25,313 individuals affected with HIV in Australia(Dodson, Batterham, McDonald, Osborne, 2016). Researchers have planned various healthcare strategies to stop HIV from infecting individuals especially key populations which involves men who have sex with men, peopl e living in prisons and other closed settings, people who inject drugs in themselves, sex workers and transgender people. They should be provided with proper prevention and treatment facilities to prevent HIV from infecting them, as it is their basic right. Social determinants of health , primary health care, and health well being of populations and communities at risk of exposure to HIV are directly interlinked to one another. Social determinants of HIV include social discrimination of the infected individuals,gender biasness ,low socioeconomic status and experiences in childhood such as sexual abuse or children who have faced emotional issues are seen to have infected with HIV during adulthood. Primary health care for HIV includes lack of information regarding safe sex due to low socioeconomic status and financial crisis, lack of proper counseling and treatment especially to women due to gendr biasness (Coleman, Tate, Gaddist, White, 2016).It is important to provide to medical fa cilities to individuals infected with HIV without any discrimination to lower down the rate of HIV patients on a global level. This essay includes prevalence of HIV among key populations, health equity, disproportionate risks, guideline and the strategies including preventive healthcare interventions and community interventions to overcome HIV in such populations. Equity in primary health care refers to the various reasons that result in different qualities of healthcare in different populations residing in regions. This differentiation is done on the basis of caste, creed, sex, and financial status of the populations. It involves a lack of proper medical facilities such as lack of medicines to the people and is completely injustice to them. Health inequity leads to decrease in life expectancy of the individuals and increase in mortality rate(Thomas Humphreys, 2015)) Lack of proper healthcare facilities leads to depression, anger, sadness and low self-esteem in individuals. Health equity is of two types, horizontal health equity and vertical health equity. Horizontal health equity refers to the balance in the provision of medical treatment facilities under the same conditions to people who are single, or in groups. Vertical equity is based on the fact that people who have differences on the basis of caste, religion, sex should be provided different healthcare facilities according to their requirement. Health equity is important in primary health care because every individual has the right to avail proper medical facilities irrespective of their differences like caste and financial status. This will help them in improving their health condition and keep them contented(Leeuw, 2015). A large proportion of women also lag behind as compared to men to avail primary health care. The main reason behind this is that women lack economic and social power. Declaration of Alma Ata of 1978 played an important role in providing primary health care to all the individuals in the twentieth century. According to this declaration, primary health care plays an important role in attaining the objective of the proper health care facilities for all the individuals. There is a major difference in the provision of medical facilities among the developing and the developed countries and this is not acceptable as it is the basic right of every individual to avail proper medical facilities. There should be a proper methodology and various strategies should be followed to reduce this gap. Various scientific and technological methods should be developed that can be accessed by the patients and their family members living in rural areas at a reasonable cost(Brown Stepanova, 2016). The objective of primary health care for all the individuals was accepted by all the countries who are members of World Health Organization (WHO) after this declaration was made . Initially, it was accepted by the developing countries and by other country after five years. There are various disproportionate risks involved in HIV for key populations because they have least access to prevention and care and very few treatment methods for the treatment of HIV. In the year 2015, it was reported that there were around 45% of new HIV infections including these key populations like men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, transgender people, people who live in prisons and confined areas and sex workers. Labeling these key populations, discrimination and criminalization are the main reasons they do not get proper treatment facilities. Government is planning various measures and strategies to reduce the percentage of this deadly disease in key population to 75 % by the year 2020(World Health Organization., 2014). There are various guidelines on the prevention of HIV by the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce the infections caused by this disease in various countries. It involves increase in the provision of testing of HIV, proper care treatment facilities to specific populations like sex workers, transgenders, men who have sex with men, people who live in prison and people who inject drugs to themselves(World Health Organisation , 2015). These groups are not provided proper medical treatment facilities to prevent HIV and have to face various laws and policies that are biased as compared to the normal population. According to WHO, men who have sex with men should take antiretroviral medicines to prevent HIV infection which is also known as pre-exposure prophylaxis(Worl Health Organisation, 2016). This can reduce the HIV infections up to 25% on a global level. People who live in prisons or closed areas should be provided proper nutrition and hygienic environment to prevent HIV infection. They should be given proper medical and dental checkups and should be provided proper protection from various hazards. People who inject drugs in their body should be given clean syringes and needles at low cost to prevent the infection. They should be given proper counseling and medical testing facilities for HIV. They should also be provided antiretroviral therapy to prevent themselves from HIV. Adolescents should be given HIV Vaccination to prevent the HIV disease from infecting them. Pre- Exposure Prophylaxis should be made available to these key populations as they have a high risk of getting HIV infection, which involves intake a pill daily(World Health Organisation , 2015). These key populations should be given proper access to treatment, prevention and care. Various healthcare programs should be organized to deal with their health issues to achieve health equity for patients suffering from HIV. It is the human right of every AIDS patient to receive proper counseling about the preventive measures and the treatment tests(Diagnosing HIV, 2015).Equity and Rights should be balanced for all the patients affected by HIV. Proper policies, and laws are required to protect the individual rights of such patients. According to the case study as nonprofit organization developed an HIV model of community nursing care in 1986 and there was not any other model of nursing ,various nursing interventions in Australia involve working with various healthcare providers to make sure that the patients suffering from HIV receive proper care .It also involves monitoring of various sign of infections in the patients because of HIV and encourage them to have a proper balanced diet to increase the nutritional content. They should provide soft cushions to the patients to prevent the discomfort. They should also keep in check whether the stool of the patient suffering from HIV is consistent or not and should keep in check if the patient is suffering from abdominal cramps or pain(Bennett, Bertagnolio, Gilks, 2008). They should be cooperative and sympathetic towards the HIV patients. They should also provide patient centered care and have proper communication with the patients. Nurses and various healthcare profe ssionals should help the patients in their daily activities and allow their family members to speak in a simple language to them. Preventive health care interventions for HIV include proper use of condoms by these key populations to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV up to 94 %. They should also be counseled to use silicone or water based lubricants that would prevent the condoms from slipping and getting broken. Individuals who inject drugs in themselves, condom programming should be made essential to them and lubricant distribution programs should be introduced and closed settings to prevent the harmful effects of HIV(Group, 2003). Community interventions play an important role improving their health condition in the key populations and various other patients include proper counseling of patient affected by HIV and providing them psychosocial support to boost their confidence and improve their self-esteem. They and their family members should be given proper information about the disease, its symptoms, treatment plan and preventive measures to avoid any confusion and to tackle the disease(Weiler, 2013). For example, sex workers have a little information about the risk factors associated and they should not be discriminated from others in the provision of better healthcare services as they are more prone to this disease. Adolescents should be trained about the practice of having safe sex by the use of condoms and lubricants by organizing sexuality training programs in schools and colleges. People who inject drugs in their body should be provided training on the safe use of injections to avoid future complications(Figueroa, Johnson, Baggaley, 2015). Community interventions play an important role in guiding these key populations and providing effective services to deal with deadly diseases like HIV. It also helps in developing various strategies to provide better healthcare facilities to such patients. These strategies include providing education about the disease, application of various service and literacy programs and other programmes and policies for the betterment of healthcare services. It can be concluded that HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is an incurable disease, which leads to AIDS. It spreads through the body fluids present in our body and should be treated to prevent the virus from infecting further. It can be prevented by having safe sex or abstinence. Safe sex refers to the use condoms especially latex condoms and key populations should visit the healthcare professional for regular examination and to make sure that he or she has contracted the disease. They should follow proper treatment methods and take various preventive measures to avoid the infection from HIV. Patients should use sterilized needles should not use shared needles with each other for the incorporation of the drug in the body(Piot, Bartos, Ghys, Schwartlnder, 2001). People who belong to key populations such as men who have sex with men, people living in prisons and other closed settings, people who inject drugs in themselves, sex workers and transgender people should keep a check on the ir health to keep themselves safe from this lethal disease. They should be provided with proper counseling, guidance and information about the prevention and treatment facilities to prevent HIV from infecting them. It is the basic individual right of every human being to receive proper healthcare facilities irrespective of caste, creed religion and social status. References Bennett, Bertagnolio, Gilks, S. . (2008). The World Health Organization's global strategy for prevention and assessment of HIV drug resistance. Antiviral therapy, 13, 1. Brown, Stepanova, F. . (2016). Halfdan Mahler: architect and defender of the world health organization health for all by 2000 declaration of 1978. . American journal of public health, , 106(1), 38-39. Coleman, Tate, Gaddist, White, . (2016). Social Determinants of HIV-Related Stigma in Faith-Based Organizations. American journal of public health, , 106(3), 492-496. Diagnosing HIV. (2015). Retrieved from WHATS NEW IN INFANT DIAGNOSIS. Dodson, Batterham, McDonald, Osborne, E. . (2016). systematic analysis of the needs of people with HIV in Australia: stakeholder views of the key elements for a healthy life. Sexual Health, , 13(5), 444-450. Figueroa, Johnson, Baggaley, V. . (2015). Attitudes and acceptability on HIV self-testing among key populations: a literature review. r, . AIDS and Behavior , 19(11), 1949-1965. Group. (2003). Preliminary development of the World Health Organsiation's Quality of Life HIV instrument (WHOQOL-HIV): analysis of the pilot version. ,. Social Science Medicine , 57(7), 1259-1275. Leeuw, C. C. (2015). Towards health equity: a framework for the application of proportionate universalism. ,. International journal for equity in health , 14(1), 81. Piot, Bartos, Ghys, Schwartlnder, W. . (2001). The global impact of HIV/AIDS. , . Nature , 410(6831), 968-973. Thomas, Humphreys, W. . (2015)). Ensuring equity of access to primary health care in rural and remote Australia-what core services should be locally available? International journal for equity in health, , 14(1), 111. Weiler. (2013). Global update on HIV treatment: results, impact and opportunities. Worl Health Organisation. (2016). Retrieved from Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. World Health Organisation . (2015). Retrieved from Consolidated strategic information guidelines for HIV in the health sector. World Health Organisation . (2015). Retrieved from Fact sheet: HIV treatment and care: what's new in HIV treatment. World Health Organization. (2014). Retrieved from Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations

Nursing Staff Shortage and Patient Care free essay sample

The paper describes how the shortage of nursing staff in America is leading to compromised patient care. The healthcare industry in the United States is facing a significant shortage of nurses, which is creating a major supply and demand problem in the country. The failure of the industry to meet the rising demand for efficient and experienced nurses calls for immediate attention and change as the dearth of nursing staff is resulting in compromised patient care. The paper addresses these issues and recommends some changes. Nursing shortage is a serious problem in the United States, as some 500,000 positions are lying vacant. It has been noticed that hospitals and care units in our country are faced with an extreme shortage of nurses and there are various reasons why the nursing workforce is diminishing resulting in a dearth of qualified people in this field. It has also been noted that women entering the workforce have more options available and thus few choose to enter managed health care units. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Staff Shortage and Patient Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The country is also facing a dearth of nurses due to a similar situation globally and lower employment rate locally. Nurses in our country are mostly above the age of 50 and the average age of nurses in the United States is 49. This shows that fewer younger people are entering the field, which is a complex issue and needs to be analyzed closely in order to seek an effective solution.

Writing Assignment over Demian by Hermann Hesse essays

Writing Assignment over Demian by Hermann Hesse essays Demian, written by Hermann Hesse and first published in 1919, is, at its heart, a novel of self-discovery and self-actualization. The novel itself, an autobiographical novel that was written by Emil Sinclair, the focus of the story, is meant to show an old man, whose voyage of self-discovery is coming to a close, and his recollections of past events and their ability to shape his current world-view. Central to the novel is this relationship between the current incarnation of ones own personality and the past events which have gradually made such introspective aspects of oneself to emerge and take shape. While at many times asserting clearly and poignantly that the past is something which must be let go by an individual in order to carry on down the path that leads to ones true self, hidden within the novel is the assertion that the past forms us and shapes us and should never be let go of fully, but, instead, should always be kept as an afterimage of what once was. It is only th en that we can begin to find our own road of self-actualization. This does not seem to be done by accident, as, in other cases of other such themes in Demian, Hesse cleverly uses the duality of nature approach. He constantly sees the world as a world dynamically split into two realms, a dark, evil realm and a light, heavenly realm. Ignorance of one realm is, according to Hesse, a flaw in ones own humanity, and must be overcome in order to reach the promised nirvana of self realization. The older, somewhat wiser Sinclair often states that the past is one of the personal obstacles which must be overcome in order to find ones true self. He states that very many are caught in [an] impasse, and forever cling painfully to an irrevocable past, the dream of lost paradise, which is the worst and most ruthless of all dreams (Demian 41). To Sinclair, a dream of what...

Stationary vs. Stationery

Stationary vs. Stationery Stationary vs. Stationery Stationary vs. Stationery By Mark Nichol Writers have long been stymied by the resemblance between stationary and stationery, or by ignorance of the fact that distinct words exist to describe the condition of motionlessness and the class of materials for written correspondence. Progress may make this point moot, because our society is slowly but inexorably abandoning stationery as a medium of communication, but it’s still important to make the distinction. Stationery is so spelled because it’s derived from stationer, the archaic word for a bookseller or publisher; these merchants also sold writing materials and implements. (Stationer, in turn, stems from the Latin term stationem, meaning â€Å"station,† which acquired the sense of â€Å"market stall.† Of course, the Latin word is the origin of stationary, too. Something stationary is something that is maintaining its station.) Similar-looking words don’t share that direct etymology but are related. Static, as an adjective meaning â€Å"showing little change,† comes from the Greek word statikos, â€Å"causing to stand,† which was borrowed into Latin as staticus. The basis of statikos also led to stasis, which means â€Å"slowing,† â€Å"stagnation,† or â€Å"stability.† State, status, statute, statistic, and statue, as well as the suffix -stat (thermostat, and so on) and stet, the editing directive meaning â€Å"leave as it was† are all relatives of station and its derivatives. Do you have difficulty remembering when to use stationary and when to write stationery? Various mnemonic aids have been devised, the simplest of which, I think, is to think of the â€Å"ar† in stationary as are, as in â€Å"where you are.† Or remember that stationery refers to letters and envelopes and the like, and the words for those materials have es but no as. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101Expanded and ExtendedHow Do You Pronounce "Often"?

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 71

Reflection - Essay Example Mentorship will be the first developmental strategy and will be the primary strategy in my first year of development, and later a secondary strategy. Professional workshop will be my secondary strategy in my first and second year of development while academic learning will be my key strategy in my second year. I will evaluate my progress after the end of each development strategy and self-assessment and independent assessment by a human resource personnel will evaluate my mentorship and workshops’ outcomes while academic tests will evaluate my academic outcomes. Success in developing these skills will be of great value to a potential employer. With communication and interpersonal competencies, together with leadership and adaptability potentials, I shall be able to organize and coordinate activities in the employer’s business towards effective and efficient operations. Research and decision-making skills will also ensure sound decisions towards the employer’s interests. Developing these skills therefore promises my intra and interpersonal competencies for attaining objectives of a potential

Case Study 8-1 Aero Marine Logistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

8-1 Aero Marine Logistics - Case Study Example At the outset it seems that the second alternative is preferable. However, AML has expertise and capability to handle 20-foot containers. Their flatbed trailers can transport these containers. If they are to go for 40-foot containers it is not clear whether they have the capability of transporting such huge containers. Even if the transport can be arranged, it is not mentioned whether fitting larger flatbed trailers with refrigeration equipments will cost more than Rs 12 lakh. If it costs more, the second proposal may not remain more efficacious. Further, there is always a chance, albeit smaller, of one container getting waylaid or damaged. In that case, with the second proposal, the loss will be higher. Another potential risk may be that the promised 150,000 kg mushrooms per month may not be feasible. Then it will be easier to decommission one smaller container rather than one larger container. 4. Here the supply chain considered is based on an agricultural production. Mushroom is not an ordinary agricultural product. Special expertise is required for mushroom farming. Assuming the farming is done in Holland (since the port mentioned is Amsterdam), export of food item from there to India is considered. Farmers (Holland) Wholesellers/ Distributors (Holland) Food Processing Unit (Holland) Freshfoods (Holland) Shipping Company AML (India) Market (India) Consumers (India) 5. Costs are due to production (mushroom spawn, medium, labor), transport to distributors, storage, cost of freezing and storage in the Food Processing Units, power cost, containers and others as described in the case study, cost of setting up channels to market, cost of shelf display etc. At every stage labor cost is there as well as management cost. Then, even though it is not mentioned, there will be insurance premiums and shipping costs to be taken care of. Since it

Import Regulation and Distribution Essay Example for Free

Import Regulation and Distribution Essay All goods imported into Canada are subjected to tariffs. For importing perfume pens from France, first of all, there must be a registered company in Canada which can import legally. CBSA, Canada Border Services Agency, has highlighted various steps for importing of goods into Canada. It insists that the company must apply for a â€Å"Business Number,† which is registration for an import-export account with the CRA, Canada Revenue Agency. Further, CBSA suggests that another registration is needed for the GST, Goods and Services Tax. This GST is levied on most of the goods that are imported into Canada, with exception to goods imported under NAFTA, North American Free Trade Agreement. Since perfume pens come under the category of perfumes and cosmetics, it becomes essential to consider the extra expenditure due to the tariff for importing from a manufacturing country other than the USA (in our case, France). Further, these tariffs will also vary with the ingredients of the perfume used in the imported pens. Since, the perfume pens made by the French manufacturer- Sensrise, have different fruit, oil and chocolate fragrances, it can be deduced from the CBSA tariff schedule that the tariffs will also vary. According to the IMMR, International Market Research Report from Industry Canada, import of perfumes from the USA account for 70% of Canada’s total import of these products, while France accounts only 12% of Canada’s total imports. Besides, Cosmetic Business (2003) reported that it is also mandatory to submit a Cosmetic Notification Form, CNF, to Product Safety Bureau of Health Canada. Further, it can be inferred from the report that it is the responsibility of the importer in Canada to ensure that the perfume pens must comply with the requirements of three legislations: The Food and Drug Act, The Consumer Packaging and Labeling Act, and The Canadian Broadcasting Act. Logistics and Distribution Freight charges will be levied for the cargo delivery of packed cartons of perfume pens according to the existing rates, which would depend on the mode of transportation: sea or air, the weight, the volume, and whether shipped as a single container or by sharing with other cargo. The perfume pens imported from France can be sold and distributed in the destination market of Vancouver through various channels. According to the IMMR, about 85% of the sales of cosmetics and toiletries to Canadian consumers are through retail channels like drug stores, departmental stores, mass merchandisers and food stores. A Google search lists some of the perfume distributors serving the retail markets in Vancouver. †¢ Distributors: The major perfume distributors serving the Vancouver area include: o Cosmolane, which are distributors for brands like Orlane, Annayake and Rubis o Scorpio, which are distributors for Diesel, Emporio Armani, Ralph Lauren, and to global inflight retail market o Globex, which are distributors for Gucci, Dolce Gabanna and Kenzo o Charmei Marketing Corp. and Town Distributors are also in the perfumes distribution business It must be mentioned that e-commerce can also be an effective direct marketing strategy to cater to the internet-savvy consumers. However, the IMMR warns that the consumer would still have to pay Canadian taxes and customs duties if the value of the postal or courier import exceeds the maximum permissible value. Based on the above preliminary research, it can be concluded that the French manufacturer of perfume pens, Sensrise would need a comprehensive research to devise an effective marketing strategy for selling its innovative and attractive perfume pens to the Canadian consumers. References Canada Border Services Agency. (n. d. ). A step-by-step guide to importing. Retrieved March 27, 2009, from http://www. cbsa. gc. ca/sme-pme/i-guide-eng. html Cosmetic Business. (2003). The Canadian Cosmetics Market. Retrieved from http://www. cosmetic-business. com/en/showartikel. php? art_id=22 Parent, M. (2003). International market research reports. Industry Canada. Retrieved from http://strategis. ic. gc. ca/eic/site/imr-ri. nsf/eng/gr109695. html

William S. Burroughs :: Biography Biographies Essays

William S. Burroughs      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Seward Burroughs died recently at the age of 83 in the quiet of Lawrence, Kansas. Probably no other major American writer ever received such viciously damning "praise" upon his death. Whereas the once ridiculed Ginsberg was eulogized as a major American bard, obit writers like the New York Times' Richard Severo (someone enormously unacquainted with Burroughs' work) could dismiss this oeuvre as druggy experimentation and Burroughs' audience as merely "adoring cultists." Other obit writers, hearing of cut-up techniques and randomness, seemed drawn to the cut and paste icons of their PCs, with which they cobbled lit crit phrases into gibberish. Thus, for the Associated Press, Naked Lunch "unleashed an underground world which defied narration" and was somehow written "without standard narrative prose."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What does it say about the hegemony of realistic modes, and publishers' niches, that a book, first published in Paris almost 40 years ago, still poses such a threat to establishment arbiters that it must be continuously misrepresented. The literary world, after all, is not likely to be flooded by Burroughs wannabes. Though he has influenced experimental filmmakers, conceptual artists and rock bands, his influence on writers and literature is harder to find. He left no school, few followers, no imitators. He was as unique as Joyce. But whereas countless writers all over the world attempted to incorporate Joycean techniques, few have picked up on Burroughs'.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even back in the mid-60s, the task of mass marketing Burroughs necessitated pigeonholing his work within familiar genres. "The only American novelist living today who might conceivably be possessed by genius," Norman Mailer proclaimed on the cover of the first American paperback edition of Naked Lunch. Its publisher, Grove Press, the most important and most courageous publishing house of that time, knew what it had to do, and subsequent works like Nova Express, The Ticket That Exploded, and The Soft Machine were all pointedly labeled "a novel." Yet Burroughs then and always was "merely" writing books. He was not necessarily trying to change or explode the form of the novel.   In Burroughs' books, routines, raps, skits and rants are held together by the sinews of sharply etched narrative prose. Reading him when he first appeared was like listening to a Lenny Bruce monologue. The "characters" who appeared were all carny voices--barkers, pushers, con men seeking rubes and marks--politicians, presidents of anti-fluoride societies, script-writing old saw bones lecturing on the viral nature of bureaucracy and the State.

Benefits of Jumma Prayer

Hadhrat Ali Ibn Abu Taalib (RA) narrated: on the pulpit in the mosque of Kufah: When Friday comes, the devils go to the markets with their flags, and involve people in their needsand prevent them from the Friday prayer. The angels come early in the morning, sit at the door of the mosque, and record that so-and-so came at the first hour, and so-and-so came at the second hour until the imam comes out (for preaching). When a man sits in a place where he can listen (to the sermon) and look (at the imam), where he remains silent and does not interrupt, he will receive a double reward.If he stays away, sits in a place where he cannot listen (to the sermon), silent, and does not interrupt, he will receive the reward only once. If he sits in a place where he can listen (to the sermon) and look (at the imam), and he does not remain silent, he will have the burden of it. If anyone says to his companion sitting besides him to be silent (while the imam is preaching), he is guilty of idle talk. A nyone who interrupts (during the sermon) will receive nothing (no reward) on that Friday. Then he (the narrator) says in the end of this tradition: I heard the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) say so. Abu Dawood 1046) 1. Jummah preparations should begin on Thursday such as clipping the nails, removing of the hair etc (Ihya aul-Uloom, vol. 1, page 161) 2. To have a bath (Ghusl) (Bukhari, Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah) On one Friday, Rasulallah said: â€Å"O Muslims! Allah Ta'ala has made this day a day of Eid. So have a bath on this day, whoever has perfume should apply it, and use the Miswaak. â€Å" (Ibn Majah) 3. To use Miswaak (Ibid) 4. To use Attar (Perfume) (Ibid) 5. To wear nice clothes (Abu Dawood, Chapter of Ghusl on the day of Jummah) 6. To proceed early as possible to the Masjid for JummahRasulallah (Pbuh) said: â€Å"On the day of Jummah, the angels stand at the entrance of that Masjid in which Jummah salaat is to be offered. They write down the name of the person who enters the Masjid first, and thereafter the name of the person who follows, and they continue doing this. The person who entered first will receive the reward of sacrificing a camel in the path of Allah; the one who followed him will get the reward of sacrificing a cow, thereafter a chicken, thereafter the reward of giving an egg as charity in the path of Allah.Once the khutbah commences, the angels close the register and begin listening to the khutbah. â€Å" (Bukhari and Muslim) 7. To walk to the Masjid if possible for every step is a reward of a years Nafl Fast (Tirmidhi) 8. One should listen very attentively to the khutba even if one does not understand. One should not speak or even warn another to keep quite while the khutba is in progress. 9. To try to sit as close as possible to the Imaam. (Ibn Majah, Tirmidhi) 10. If the Saffs (rows) are already filled, one should not jump over the shoulders of the musallies in order to get to the front. Abu Dawood) 11. One should not fiddle with clothes or fingers but listen attentively (Ibn Majah) 12. When Rasulallah (Pbuh) name is mentioned in the khutba then it is permissible to recite durood in the heart only without the movement of the lips or tongue. 13. Between the two khutba’s one should make dua. It is permissible to make dua without raising hands or moving the lips (I. e. dua should be made in the heart only without the movement of the lips or the tongue) (Aadaab -E – Zindagee) 14. To read: Surah Al A’ala (Sura no 87) in the first rakaat of Jummah Salah nd Surah Gaathia (Surah no 88) in the second rakaat. (Bukhari) 15. Related by Hakim and Bayhaqi, from Abu Sa`id â€Å"Whoever recites Surat al-Kahf on Friday, light shall shine forth for him between the two Fridays. † (Ibn Hajar, Talkhis al- Habir) 16. Rasulallah (Pbuh) is reported to have said, â€Å"Recite Durood upon me in abundance on the day of Jummah since they are presented to me. † (Ibn Majah) 17 . Making abundant dua on Jummah Rasulallah (Pbuh) said: â€Å"There is such an hour on Friday that if any Muslim makes dua in it, his dua will definitely be accepted. † (Bukhari, Muslim) 18 .Reciting Durood 80 times after Asr: According to a Hadith recorded in Tabarani on the authority of Abdullah Ibn Abbas (RA) : Abu Hurraira (RA) reports that the Holy Prophet (Pbuh) said: â€Å"Whoever recites the following Durood eighty times immediately after Asr Salaat on Friday, before standing up from his place, Allah will forgive eighty years of sins and grant him the reward equivalent to eighty years of worship. † Allahumma salli alaa muhammadinin nabiyyil ummiyyi wa-ala aalihi wasallim tasleema O Allah bless Muhammad, the unlettered Prophet, and his family and grant them best of peace. Jame Sagheer) 19. Abu Hurraira narrated that the Messenger of Allah (Pbuh) said: The five daily prayers, and from one Jummah to the next, are an expiation for whatever sins come in between, so long as one does not comm it any major sin. (Muslim, 233) 20. It was narrated from Abu Hurraira that the Prophet (Pbuh) said: Whoever does Ghusl then comes to Jummah, and prays as much as Allah decrees for him, then listens attentively until the khutbah is over, then prays with him (the imam), will be forgiven for (his sins) between that and the next Jummah and three more days. Muslim, 857) Al-Nawawi (Ra) said: The scholars said that what is meant by his being forgiven between the two Jummah and three more days is that a good deed is worth ten like it, so he will be rewarded with ten rewards for each of the good deeds that he did on Friday. Some of our companions said: What is meant by what is between the two Jummah is from Jummah prayer and the khutbah until the same time on the following Friday, so that it will be seven days, no more and no less, then three days are added making ten in all. 21. Coming early to Jummah brings a great reward.Abu Hurraira (Ra) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (Pbuh) said: â€Å"Whoever does Ghusl on Friday like Ghusl for janaabah, then goes to the prayer (in the first hour, i. e. , early), it is as if he sacrificed a camel. Whoever goes in the second hour, it is as if he sacrificed a cow; whoever goes in the third hour, it is as if he sacrificed a horned ram; whoever goes in the fourth hour, it is as if he sacrificed a hen; and whoever goes in the fifth hour it is as if he offered an egg. When the imam comes out, the angels come to listen to the khutbah. † (Bukhari, 814 and Muslim, 850) 2. If a person walks to Jummah prayer, for every step he will have the reward of fasting and praying qiyaam for one year. It was narrated from Aws ibn Aws al-Thaqafi that the Messenger of Allah (Pbuh) said: Whoever does Ghusl on Friday and causes (his wife) to do Ghusl, and sets out early, and comes close to the imam and listens and keeps quiet, for every step he takes he will have the reward of fasting and praying qiyaam for one year. † (al-Tirmidhi, 496 ) Ibn al-Qayyim (Ra) said in Zaad al-Maa’aad, 1/285: Finally after quoting the hadith which speak of the virtues of Jummah prayer:What we have quoted, when taken all together, indicates that the expiation of sins from one Friday to the next is subject to all the conditions mentioned above being met, namely doing Ghusl, cleaning oneself, putting on perfume, wearing one's best clothes, walking in a calm and dignified manner, not stepping over people, not pushing between two people, not offending others, praying nafil prayers, listening attentively and avoiding idle speech. May Allah give us the ability to act upon all of these virtuous deeds and Sunnah of Rasulallah (Pbuh). Ameen  ¦

Distracted Driving Essay

Distracted Driving is a selfish and very dangerous way to drive. Over 3,000 people each year are killed due to either driving distracted or being hit by someone who is distracted. There are many types of distracted driving and all are equally as dangerous. Examples of distracted driving include texting, eating, talking to a passenger, adjusting a radio or iPod, and anything involving your phone or a gps. Any kind of distracted driving is a bad idea and can end in serious injuries or fatalities. Distracted driving has numerous definitions. Whether it be eating, drowsy driving, using your phone, talking to a friend, or being distracted by something on the side of the road, they are all very dangerous and can end with someone using their life. Many people believe that they may be a good driver even when being distracted by other things but it is usually not the case. Even if you get away with driving distracted, it wont always be that way, and you never know when your luck will run out. As good as you may be at multitasking while driving it is never a good idea. If the thing is that important you should pull to the side of the road or wait until you get to your destination to do what you need to do. Texting and driving is one of the highest causes of crashes and fatalities. One of the groups that is most at risk is teens 16-20. This age group is not only new and inexperienced drivers but they are also very distracted by cell phones and music. When you are texting and driving the minimal amount of time that your attention is taken by your phone is 5 seconds. This not only puts you in danger but it also puts others on the road in a lot of danger as well. As important as receiving or sending a text may be, it can wait long enough to keep your life, and others, safe. If it is too tempting for you to use your phone or iPod while you are driving there are many ways you can combat this urge. All you need to do is throw your phone in the backseat or in the glove compartment and your urge is gone. You can also put your phone on silent or turn it off if the vibration or sounds of receiving texts distracts you. Any of these quick alternatives is a great idea to save your life as well as others on the road with you. Talking to a passenger or on your phone is a dangerous distraction as well. If you are on your phone, you may think that your attention is on the road but your attention is drawn away and focused on your call. Even if you use a hands-free device you still have a large amount of your attention drawn away. Talking to a  passenger in your car can be more dangerous because they are able to distract you and interact with you more. This can be helpful if they are alerting you of obstacles but if they are being distractive it can be a large distraction. If they are posing a bigger distraction than a help then you should let them know that you are distracting you from the road. Although it may offend or anger them, it can pay off in the long run. Another minor way of being of distracted is things in your eyesight. Someone running alongside the road, something happening ahead of you or to the side, and anything that will take your attention is a distraction. Things like this can seem minor but they can impair your attention. Although you don’t want to tune these things out of your attention, because they can cause accidents, you need to not only be aware of these things but not let them distract you to a point where you cant notice what is going on around you. There are 3 main types of distracted driving; cognitive, visual and manual. Cognitive distractions are when you mind isn’t focused on driving. These can include talking to someone in your car and just daydreaming. Even listening to music can take your mind off driving and distract you. This may seem like a minor distraction but it can be very large. A visual distraction is anything that involves the driver taking his or her eyes off the road. This is common in all age groups; adults will check their kid’s seatbelts and almost everyone will use a GPS, iPod, phone or dvd player. All of these things that involve you taking your eyes off the road are considered a visual distraction. The last type of distraction is manual. A manual distraction is when you take one or both hands off the wheel for any reason at anytime while driving. A manual distraction can include eating or drinking, adjusting a GPS or iPod, reaching for something, or even adjusting your seat. One of the reasons that texting ids one of the most dangerous thing you can do while driving is because it involves all 3 types of distracted driving. There are many ways that you can avoid using any of these types of distracted driving. The first way to avoid these three is to turn off your phone, even if you are expecting an important call. Another tip is to get a hands-free device if you really need to. This is not a great idea to use because it is just as dangerous as using the phone itself. Also, if you are driving with kids and/or pets make sure they  are strapped in and secured so that they don’t pose a distraction while they are driving. If you need to eat or drink, finish it before you start driving, or wait until after. The last is, if you use a gps, program it before you start driving. All of these reasons are great examples to stop driving distracted. Driving while distracted is elfish and cost you, and others their lives. It’s a simple choice, just wait to start or finish your task. http://www.distraction.gov/content/get-the-facts/facts-and-statistics.html http://www.textinganddrivingsafety.com/texting-and-driving-stats/ http://www.esurance.com/safety/3-types-of-distracted-driving

Free Essays on Why Latinos Should Oppose Bilingual Education

â€Å"Nationwide, about 3.5 million public school students don’t know English well enough to succeed in a regular classroom. Some school districts must accommodate children from 60 or more language groupsmany who are five or six years old and entering school for the first time, others who are older and may or may not have attended school in their homeland.† Most of these children in years past would have been expected to learn the English on their own, â€Å"sinking or swimming.† Many children did not learn this way. Bilingual programs did not devote enough time to English, so most students spent years in the programs, never really progressing. However, Christian Dominguez, a seven year old boy went from not speaking a word of English to being able to read whole books in English. In 1998, Californians voted against bilingual education and adopted â€Å"English immersion† programs. Most bilingual educators were opposed to the program at first, but tw o years later test scores had risen from the 19 percentile to the 40 percentile for limited-English-proficient students. And not just in one district, it occurred in the districts that had implemented the English immersion program in place of the bilingual education. In districts that refused to implement the program, scores did not change. Opposer of the change, Kenji Hakuta told reporters that â€Å"the scores were meaningless because the tests themselves were designed for native English speakers†. That makes the argument point even stronger for English immersion. Eventually, people started to catch on that the best way to teach any language is to teach in that language. Washington has not been so ready to pick up on California’s experience, and is still increasing funding to programs that do not work. However, â€Å"thousands of California students like Dominquez will be making steady progress toward realizing their American Dream thanks to their newfound com mand of English.ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Why Latinos Should Oppose Bilingual Education Free Essays on Why Latinos Should Oppose Bilingual Education â€Å"Nationwide, about 3.5 million public school students don’t know English well enough to succeed in a regular classroom. Some school districts must accommodate children from 60 or more language groupsmany who are five or six years old and entering school for the first time, others who are older and may or may not have attended school in their homeland.† Most of these children in years past would have been expected to learn the English on their own, â€Å"sinking or swimming.† Many children did not learn this way. Bilingual programs did not devote enough time to English, so most students spent years in the programs, never really progressing. However, Christian Dominguez, a seven year old boy went from not speaking a word of English to being able to read whole books in English. In 1998, Californians voted against bilingual education and adopted â€Å"English immersion† programs. Most bilingual educators were opposed to the program at first, but tw o years later test scores had risen from the 19 percentile to the 40 percentile for limited-English-proficient students. And not just in one district, it occurred in the districts that had implemented the English immersion program in place of the bilingual education. In districts that refused to implement the program, scores did not change. Opposer of the change, Kenji Hakuta told reporters that â€Å"the scores were meaningless because the tests themselves were designed for native English speakers†. That makes the argument point even stronger for English immersion. Eventually, people started to catch on that the best way to teach any language is to teach in that language. Washington has not been so ready to pick up on California’s experience, and is still increasing funding to programs that do not work. However, â€Å"thousands of California students like Dominquez will be making steady progress toward realizing their American Dream thanks to their newfound com mand of English.ï ¿ ½...

Rules of Capitalization in Spanish

Rules of Capitalization in Spanish Spanish uses far fewer capital letters than does English. With only two exceptions - Spanish capitalizes Sol and Luna when they refer to the Earths sun and moon, respectively - whenever Spanish capitalizes a word, the corresponding word in English is capitalized. But the opposite is far from true; there are numerous instances where English capitalizes that Spanish does not. What Spanish does capitalize are proper names for people, places, holidays, newspapers, and magazines; abbreviations of personal titles such as Dr. (Dr.), Sr. (Mr.), Sra. (Mrs.), and Srta. (Miss); and the first word in the titles of books, plays, movies, and similar works. Here are the most common cases where English capitalizes that Spanish does not: Calendar Names of the days of the week and months of the year use lower-case letters. Hoy es martes. (Today is Tuesday.) Mà ©xico celebra su independencia el 16 de septiembre. (Mexico celebrates its independence on September 16.) Composition Titles In formal written Spanish, titles of movies, books, plays, and similar works capitalize only the first word and proper nouns. La guerra de las galaxias (Star Wars), Harry Potter y la piedra filosofal (Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone) Note: In informal written Spanish, and on book covers and movie posters, it is not unusual to see such composition titles capitalized as in English. Personal Titles Introductory titles are not capitalized, although common abbreviations of them (such as Sr. for seà ±or, Dr. for doctor, D. for don and Srta. for seà ±orita) are.  ¿Conoces a la seà ±ora Wilson? (Do you know Mrs. Wilson?)  ¿Conoces a la Sra. Wilson? (Do you know Mrs. Wilson?) La reina Victoria fue mi abuela. (Queen Victoria was my grandmother.) Religions Names of religions and their adherents arent capitalized. Mi madre es catà ³lica. (My mother is Catholic.) Estudio el cristianismo. (Im studying Christianity.) Ordinal Numbers When an ordinal number is used after a name, it isnt capitalized. Luis catorce (Luis the Fourteenth), Carlos octavo (Charles the Eighth.) If Roman numerals are used, they are capitalized. Place Names Although the given name of rivers, lakes, mountains and other geographic features are capitalized, the geographical identity is not. No vimos el rà ­o Amazonas. (We didnt see the Amazon River.) Vivimos cerca de la montaà ±a Rainier. (We live near Mount Rainier.) Nationality Although names of countries and cities are capitalized, words derived from them are not. Soy inglà ©s. (Im English.) Prefiero los cocos puertorriqueà ±os. (I prefer the Puerto Rican coconuts.) Languages Names of languages arent capitalized. Hablo inglà ©s. (I speak English.) Quiero estudiar alemn. (I want to study German.) Sample Sentences on Spanish Capitalization Habà ­ negociaciones de paz entre el gobierno del presidente Juan Manuel Santos y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. (There were peace negotiations between the government of Presidente Juan Manual Santos and the Armed Revolutionary Forces of Colombia. The presidents title isnt capitalized, but the formal name of FARC is because it is considered a proper noun.) Los musulmanes catalanes son ms que una comunidad. (Catalonian Muslims are more than a community. References to the geographic origin or religious affiliations of people are not capitalized.) El rà ­o Danubio atraviesa varios paà ­ses de Europa antes de desembocar en el Mar negro. (The Danube River crosses several European countries before emptying into the Black Sea. Only the given names of the river and sea are capitalized.) El rey Lear es una tragedia de Shakespeare. King Lear is a Shakespeare tragedy. (Rey is not capitalized, even though it is part of the play title as well as a personal title.) Herodes murià ³ el aà ±o 4 a. de C. (Herod died in 4 B.C. Only the letter standing for the name of a person is capitalized in this abbreviation. The abbreviation stands for antes de Cristo.) El doctor Romero es un conocido veterinario de Buenos Aires. El Dr. Romero es un conocide veterinario de Buenos Aires. (Dr. Romero is a well-known Buenos Aires veterinarian. His title is capitalized when abbreviated but not otherwise.) Herodes murià ³ el aà ±o 4 a. de C. (Herod died in 4 B.C. Only the letter standing for the name of a person is capitalized in this abbreviation. The abbreviation stands for antes de Cristo.) Las Naciones Unidas es una organizacià ³n internacional formada por 192 paà ­ses independientes. (The United Nations is an international organization formed by 192 independent countries. Names of organizations are capitalized as in English.) El budismo es una religià ³n oriental que tiene muchos creyentes occidentales. (Buddhism is an Eastern religion that has many Western believers. Names of religions are not capitalized, even when named after a person. Neither are geographical words such as oriental unless they refer to a specific entity, such as in Europa Oriental for Eastern Europe.)

Job Fair Brochure and Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job Fair Brochure and - Research Paper Example People know the company very well and this approach has established credibility and integrity of the company. Over the past few years, especially with the addition of Suptuous Ballroom, the profit margins have improved, sales increased and operating expenses have be reduced from 45% to 40%. Size/Growth – its effect and how management perceives it: Two staff accounts managers work under the company founder Rudy Electrum, each one handling a portfolio of clients. But positive aspect of being of small size is that company is more organic and lenient. The employees know each other very well and trust in each other. Vision/Mission Statement – What it says about the firm, and how management works toward it: There is no vision as such communicated by the management and CEO of the company but still employees have a dream of making Sumptuous Cuisine Cataering, a global catering company. Company has a mission to make the clients believe in them and trust them. Core Competencies: Company has a specific methodology of providing service according to international standards which is transparent, fluid and specialized. Moreover, its employees have high integrity, professionalism and dedication that assists them to mange and exceede client’s expectations. Client preferences, intersts and vision is held primary even if it requires unpopular decisions. Culture: The company has an informal atmosphere and all the employees know each other well. They work like a team and understand each other and work with coordination and collaboration. Due to long lasting relationship of the employees with the company, the employees understand the values and core competencies of the company which help them to perform their responsibilities well. Company has no international affiliation at this moment. The employees are self motivated to help the company to achieve its short term and long term goals. Employs believe the achievement of goals of the company as their reward. Lead ership/Decision Making: Company works under highly centralized decision making but as environment is like a team and family structure, so democracy helps in making some decisions but ultimate power lies with the founding partners Rudy Electrum and Tosca Cabrini. Leadership is very much encouraged in the company but only if you have guts and skills. Talent, skills and proposals of good projects are encouraged. Self motivation is there in the employees but as decision making is centralized, there is very limited empowerment. Recognizing & Rewarding Performance: There are no special rewards and recognitions, but only those of normal course of business. Employees believe themselves to be the incredible parts of the company and are self motivated. Innovation – Management’s perspective & the firm’s goals: Sumptuous Cuisine Catering is planning to open a Sumptuous Ballroom, to enable the company attain its future goals of becoming a â€Å"true one-stop shop† for all-inclusive events by creative competitive edge. Interaction – Marketing, personalization, and customization: Sumptuous Cuisine Catering is a professional organization and it follows the various media strategies for the promotion of its new Sumptuous Ballrom. Company is still new in the locality yet it has developed a strong credibility and integrity. People know the company very well. So marketing happens through word of mouth and transfer of business cards at dinners and in the events. Mostly, we reach our customers through the

Government and Non-governmental Organizations Essay

Government and Non-governmental Organizations - Essay Example Many a times the international community does not even protest against such atrocities and it is only after the levels of atrocities exceed all levels of human degradation that corrective measures are to some extent enforced. Non-governmental organizations meanwhile are allowed to act only when the governments where such atrocities happen allow them to operate effectively in a non-biased manner. However, non-governmental organizations fortunately are the first ones to report, condemn and to request world community to intervene to stop the wrong doings. In their limited ways they do try to help as much as they can, but most of the times their efforts cover only a small percentage of the assistance that is overall required. In these essay, while we shall be comparing and contrasting the roles of governments and non-governmental organizations we shall without intention also be critical of these two important functionary bodies. In this context, we shall be referring to the major genocidal events in our last century in each of which people in their tens of thousands were the victims of mass killings. These are the Holocaust, the Khmer Rouge genocide in Cambodia, the genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the freely allowed blood baths in Rwanda. When we compare some of these atrocities, the main similarities we observe is they happened because of the state government policies of these countries which encouraged ethnic cleansing as a method of subduing the minorities or completely wipe them out from as a people. While we shall not touch upon the subject of political killings that occurred in Argentine, Chile, Guatemala and continues to happen in Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Palestine and other countries, the role s of governments and non-governmental organizations here too are significantly important if they are freely and fairly implemented. The Holocaust happened because Germany as a state with a parliamentary type of democracy under Hitler was allowed to degenerate into a totalitarian Nazi state that controlled every segment of the German society. Its public policies developed because the German population remained silent towards the racial and genocidal policies towards the Jews and other minority groups because of Hitler's philosophical views that were elaborated in his Mein Kampf that led to the Nazi government's policy of murder and extermination. Policies that were on similar extreme lines in Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Rwanda were allowed and the international governments intervened only when their national interests involved. While the Holocaust was enforced by a economically and militarily very strong and dominating Germany during World War II, the other genocides could have been prevented had international gov

An Instrument - Reliable and Validity Assignment

An Instrument - Reliable and Validity - Assignment Example A measurement may be reliable but need not be valid. Nevertheless, measurement has to be reliable before it can be valid. A tool should be reliable and should be suitable for measuring the intended object. In designing a research project it is absolutely necessary that the measurements are both reliable and valid. If it is not so the tools of measurement are basically useless for measuring what the researcher wanted to measure. 2. Almost daily, we hear about research that seems to contradict earlier findings. One day, for example, a particular food is good for you and the next it is not. What does this reflect about the scientific method What are the advantages and disadvantages of the scientific method It is very true that we find research to support or to conclusively oppose something. For any study that puts forward a recommendation, there is another one that is apparently researched and documented and challenging the conclusions of the first. There is no convergence in the points of view of people. This does not invalidate the scientific method. There could may many possibilities for this divergence. Perhaps a researcher may not have used the valid tools for testing. The tools themselves may not have been reliable. The test conditions may not have been the same in all cases.   It insists on systematic experimentation. Scientists have developed criteria and practices to reduce the individual and social bias on scientific findings. The basic approach is an experiment, observation, and inference. It approaches reality objectively. However, our five senses might even play tricks on us. That is why theories of Ptolemy were later replaced by the theories of Copernicus. Some times more efficient tools to observe reality will be developed which give more data, hitherto unavailable. The use of an electron microscope has unraveled new insights into cell and modern cell biology is entirely different from what it was fifty years ago. 3. Suppose you wish to measure the effect of physical exercise on self-esteem. What type of experimental design would be most appropriate to Describe the types of groups necessary for this design? How would you measure your variables Which threats to internal validity would you need to consider The available evidence indicates that exercise not only benefits by providing a healthier body but also enhancing self-esteem. However, this has to be proved by empirical evidence. Visitors to a fitness center would be the ideal group to test the validity of this thesis.  

Cyber Warfare Examples Essay

Cyber Warfare Examples Essay Information Warfare,in its most fundamental sense, is the emerging theatre in which future nation-against-nation conflict at the strategic level is most likely to occur. George J. Stein, Cyber War, 2000 Cyberwar is the newest subset of information warfare, which needs no battlefield and is fought in cyberspace. Cyberspace includes information itself, the communication nets that move it, and the computers that make it useful. Cyberspace can be influenced and at times dominated by anyone possessing inexpensive computers linked into existing global communication nets  [1]  . The present information era offers modern tools to conduct seamless operations with utmost speed  [2]  . It is essentially trying to deny the enemy the advantage of force, time and space that come with the use of modern information technologies. Cyber Warfare may be defined as Any act intended to compel an opponent to fulfill our national will, executed against the software controlling processes within an opponents system. It includes the following modes of cyber attack: cyber infiltration, cyber manipulation, cyber assault, and cyber raid  [3]  . In present day battle field, forces exchange digital data for real time use using networks. Developments in the field of tele-communications, computer networking, image processing, miniaturization of electronics etc. has given a new impetus to the exploitation of the Information for Warfare. For all future conflicts, Cyber warfare would form one of the spheres of military operations in addition to the other four spheres i.e. land, air, sea and space. Military attack in the form of a cyber network attack is irregular in nature. It is extremely cheap, is very fast, can be carried out anonymously, and can disrupt or deny critical services precisely at the moment of maximum peril. Advances in technology over the past several decades have enabled cyber warfare to become a viable strategic tool. Details on cyber warfare are sensitive and all nations hold those closely. According to Jeffrey Carr, author of Inside Cyber Warfare, any country can wage cyberwar on any other country, irrespective of resources, because most military forces are network-centric and connected to the Internet, which is not secure. For the same reason, non-governmental groups and individuals could also launch cyberwarfare attacks. Cyber warfare in the civil domain is Internet-based conflict involving politically motivated attacks on information and information systems. Such attacks can disable official websites and networks, disrupt or disable essential services, steal or alter classified data, and cripple financial systems, among many other possibilities. The majority of computers, their operating systems and software purchased by the military services are commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, often manufactured abroad due to cheaper cost. Thus, foreign countries could place hidden components inside the computers, making the computers vulnerable for attack and/or spying. Examples of Cyber warfare. In 1998, the United States hacked into Serbias air defense system to compromise air traffic control and facilitate the bombing of Serbian targets. In 2007, in Estonia, a botnet of over a million computers brought down government, business and media websites across the country. The attack was suspected to have originated in Russia, motivated by political tension between the two countries. Also in 2007, an unknown foreign party hacked into high tech and military agencies in the United States and downloaded terabytes of information. In 2009, a cyber spy network called GhostNet accessed confidential information belonging to both governmental and private organizations in over 100 countries around the world. GhostNet was reported to originate in China, although that country denied responsibility. The most effective protection against cyberwarfare attacks is securing information and networks. Security updates should be applied to all systems including those that are not considered critical because any vulnerable system can be co-opted and used to carry out attacks. Measures to mitigate the potential damage of an attack include comprehensive disaster recovery planning that includes provisions for extended outages. It is tempting for policymakers to view cyberwarfare as an abstract future threat. After all, the national security establishment understands traditional military threats much better than it does virtual enemies. The problem is that an electronic attack can be large, widespread, and sudden far beyond the capabilities of conventional predictive models to anticipate. Cyber warfare is here to stay on the long run and it will be growing in the set of solutions our military has for the future. Weve have already seen this demonstrated in some of the wars in the Middle East. As weve heard in the press, the attacks by the United States have been to disable communications, to cause confusion in the command and control structure of the adversary before a follow- on assault. 1991 Gulf War: An Early Cyber Conflict. The first major U.S. conflict involving computer warfare was the 1991 war against Iraq. The Pentagon does not offer specific details as to what was done, but reports have asserted that Baghdads air defense radar and other systems were targeted by U.S. cyber warriors. A Case for Cyber Breach Every day, millions of automated network scans originating from foreign sources search Indian computers for unprotected communications ports, the built-in channels found in even the most inexpensive personal computers. Breaches of cyber security and data theft have plagued the US as well: in 2006, between 10 and 20 terabytes of data equivalent to the contents of approximately 100 laptop hard drives were illegally downloaded from the Pentagons non-classified network, and the State Department suffered similarly large losses the same year. The emergence of so-called peer-to-peer (p2p) networks poses yet another threat. These networks are temporary on demand connections that are terminated once the data service has been provided or the requested content delivered, much like a telephone call. From a security perspective, P2P networks offer an easy way to disguise illegitimate payloads (the content carried in digital packets); through the use of sophisticated protocols, they can divert network traffic to arbitrary ports, Data containing everything from music to financial transactions or weapons designs can be diverted to lanes that are created for a few milliseconds and then disappear without a trace, posing a crippling challenge to any countrys ability to monitor Internet traffic. Estimates vary, but P2P may consume as much as 60 percent of the Internets bandwidth; no one knows how much of this traffic is legitimate, how much violates copyright laws, and how much is a threat to national security. The commercially available networking systems that carry nearly all international data traffic are of high quality: they are structurally reliable, available globally and are also highly automated. However, the networking standards that enable communication using this networking infrastructure were designed in stages over the last four decades to ensure compatibility, not security, and the network designers have been playing catch-up for years. The price of perpetrating a cyber-attack is just a fraction of the cost of the economic and physical damage such an attack can produce. Because they are inexpensive to plan and execute, and because there is no immediate physical danger to the perpetrators, cyber-attacks are inherently attractive to adversaries large and small. Indeed, for the most isolated (and therefore resource-deprived) actors, remote, network borne disruptions of critical national infrastructure terrestrial and airborne traffic, energy generation and distribution, water and wastewater-treatment facilities, all manner of electronic communication, and, of course, the highly automated Indian financial system may be the primary means of aggression of a potential adversary. The cost of a cyber weapon is very low, a few thousands of dollars compared to the millions of dollars spent developing a new bomb or a sophisticated automated missile system. The skills and resources are not controlled and are available. As for intent, there is no shortage of individuals or groups who wish to harm India and the likelihood of detecting this plan and foiling it is questionable. Cyber-attacks occur on a frequent basis and in a near-instantaneous manner; as the world becomes more connected, more machines and more people will be affected by an attack. In the months and years to come, cyber-attack techniques will evolve even further, exposing various and possibly critical vulnerabilities that have not yet been identified by computer security experts. Moreover, such attacks could also be coordinated to coincide with physical assaults, in order to maximize the impact of both.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essays -- Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essays

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein The characterization of Victor’s creature, the monster, in the movie although somewhat dramatically different from Mary Shelley’s portrayal in the novel Frankenstein also had its similarities. Shelley’s views of the monster were to make him seem like a human being, while the movie made the monster out to be a hideous creation. The creature’s appearance and personality are two aspects that differ between the novel and movie while his intellectual and tender sides were portrayed the same. From the novel the creature’s physical appearance is left up to each reader’s imagination. Shelley wrote: His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips (p.56). Although I imagined the creature a human being with somewhat distorted features, another reader might view his appearance as a grotesque monster. On the other hand, the movie has shown him as a hideous monster created by a mad scientist. The monster’s appearance was focused on creating life out of dead body parts, sewing the pieces together that left horrid physical scars, and activating him with electricity. The creature’s personality, or actions toward society, was displayed as being very calm and compassionate in the novel. He made many attempts to converse with society, but society feared and mistreated... ...survive the cold season. The creature also requested a companion of the opposite sex, so he too could feel love from another instead of total rejection. At the very end of the novel and movie the creature was caught grieving over the death of his creator. Even though we are made to think that the creature was cold and destructive, in the end his human emotions prevailed. The Frankenstein movie focused on outward action scenes rather than emotional themes to make it more popular and entertaining. It also portrayed Victor as a mad scientist engrossed in his desire to create human life. I was very impressed that the movie did keep some of the good qualities that came from the novel. I enjoyed the novel more, because it gave me the opportunity to put my imagination to work instead of having to accept someone else’s interpretation of Mary Shelley’s literary novel.

Mproving the quality of life of college students through physical education and sports participation Essay

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate students’ perceptions of the factors that improve their quality of life through physical education and sport participations. One of the most striking problems of quality of life improvement today is the sedentary life we live and the lack of participation in physical education and sports, which arises as a result of inability of students to have improved quality life. This improvement of quality life is concerned with the promotion of health status of individuals and communities. Methods and Materials: 250 students were randomly selected from the department of physical and health education and college athletes of Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto/Ijanikin, Lagos. Questionnaires were used as the instrument for data collection while simple percentatges and chi-square (X2) analysis were employed in data analysis and testing the formulated hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. Results: Findings from the study shows that factors like happiness to partake in sporting activities, keeping faith in physical activities/fitness and personal interests improves the quality of life of the students, which helped maintained their good health. Conclusions: Physical education and sports participation among the students influenced their quality of life greatly, which improves their quality health. However, they encountered fewer problems, which they believed didnot impede their quality of life. A number of recommendations were made on the improvements of quality life through physical education and sport participations. Keywords: Health, Participation, Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, Quality Life. Introduction Life is defined as the period between a person’s birth and death during which they are alive (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2009). Life can also be regarded as all the experiences and activities that are typical of a particular way of living. This further implies that level or quality of health, comfort and pleasure in someone’s life. Physical education is an integral part (important part) of general education. It is part of general education, which is concerned with the development of an individual physically, socially, mentally, emotionally and his/her health generally (Akinseye, 2008). Apart from these, physical education through well-planned and programmed exercise, helps to remove stress and strain of modern-day living. It provides avenues for physical fitness and relaxation thereby promoting physical and mental health. In other words, physical education aims at developing the child skillfully and makes him grow and develop physically, socially, mentally and emotionally through selected and well-programmed physical activities; thus influencing the child’s cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains positively. The term sport can be defined as an institutionalized competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of complex physical skills. This is often undertaken by individuals who are motivated by either the intrinsic satisfaction with the activity itself or the external reward earned through participation (Igbanugo, 2003, citing Coakley, 1978). For one to have a good quality and improved life, his or her health must be very paramount and cared for. World Health Organization (1948) defines health as the complete state of well-being of an individual physically, emotionally, mentally and socially without the absence of disease or infirmity. Some people would interpret this definition as being the quality of life and the way to achieve this is through personal cleanliness, physical activities and others. Physical activity is described in physical education and sports by Angela Lumpkin (2010) as â€Å"all moments that can contribute to improved health†. Quality of life is determined differently for each individual. However, the two factors, happiness and faith are the ideal components that helps maintain good health that include physical activities, which enables a person to achieve the true quality of life. Health care provides perceptions towards health promotion, which is important in achieving the aims of healthy people. Assessment of the physical education of students’ belief is an integral part of understanding current behaviour and conceptualization of strategies to measure the impact of it on the improvement of quality life. The issue of quality life promotion is concerned with improvement in the health status of individuals and communities. By promoting the quality of life means improving the dimensions of it. Therefore, a fundamental aspect of quality of life promotion is that it aims to empower people of health advancing, supporting, encouraging, and placing it higher on personal and public agenda. According to Ma Xin-dong (2011), life style change more than any other factor and this is considered to be the best way of preventing illness and early death in our society. The major causes of early death have shifted from infectious diseases to chronic lifestyle related conditions. Health lifestyles are critical to wellness. Each individual is different from all others’ health and wellness depends on each person’s individual characteristics. Making comparisons to other people on specific individual characteristics may produce feeling of inadequacy that detracts from one’s profile of total health and wellness. The goal of this is to help all people to make personal lifetime lifestyle changes that promote health, fitness and wellness. Regular physical activity, sound nutrition and stress management are considered to be priority healthy quality lifestyle. Ma Xin-dong (2011) also posited that children and youth are the future of the human beings. Children and youth’s fitness and wellness have important implications on their lifetime of health. However, the problem of children and youth’s health has become a global issue. In recent years, physical health status related with children and youth in many countries have suffered different degrees of decline. Regular physical activity has important positive effects on the muscular, skeletal, cardio-vascular respiratory and endocrine systems. The effects of exercise on these systems are associated with a number of health benefits, including a decreased risk of premature mortality and reduced risks of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, colon cancer and diabetes mellitus. In addition, regular participation in physical activity also reduces depression and anxiety, improve one’s mood and enhance our quality of life. Several observational and clinical studies suggested that physical activity substantially reduces the risk of dying, coronary heart diseases, stroke and colon cancer. It also helps to control weight and contributes to healthy bones, muscles and joints, reduces falls among older adults, helps to relieve the pains of arthritis, reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression and associated with fewer hospitalization, physician visits and medications use. Worldwide, the World Health Organization (1998) estimates that over 60%of adults are not active enough to benefit their health. Moreover, physical activity declines significantly with age. It is generally higher among females and the overall inactivity trend is worse in poor than urban areas. In addition, there are racial and ethnic differences in physical activity rate, particularly among women. Physicians and other health care professionals are recommending physical activity as an adjunct to more traditional therapy for a variety of physical and psychological disorders. It helps to lower the risk of early death, coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, impoverishment of bone health, type 2 diabetes, breast and colon cancer, falls, depression, poor cardio-respiratory and muscular fitness, decreased level of body fat; all these will help to improve quality of life through physical education and sports participation, hence the need for this study.

Cuckoo’s Egg Analysis Paper Essay

The Cuckoo’s Egg book is well written by Cliff Stoll. It was something like reading a horror story book. It was creepy, suspense, curiosity and scary too. The hacker every time breaks into a military system seemed to be like a ghost entering into the house and not like a thief. We know thief will definitely when he attacks a home he will for sure grab all things possible for him to steal. But this hacker was not doing just that, he was wandering in the system and making some creepy moves and disappeared. Many a times he would just come and go just to show that he was still there. Something like a ghosts act. Cliff clearly briefs every day’s situations, thoughts and reaction of the people around him. As we are reading this book and try to imagine the description given by Cliff, we can understand how things were in those days. The FBI, NSA, NCSC and CIA reacted and helped for such case. It was definitely very difficult for Cliff to handle the pressure of his boss and the unsupportive FBI. It was definitely a challenging case. An astronomer, who was least interested in computer programming lands up tracking a spy which leads him to be a professional network and information security provider. This journey of Cliff is an example to many who loose hope on their current jobs, or people who lost and don’t know where they are ending up. See more: how to write an analysis paper From this book I take back lot of things related to computers, networks, the government, information security and its importance, and how to handle things under pressure and stress. There are many characters who teach us how to look at situations which actually shows us a way to solve the problem. Luis Alvarez is one such example who actually showed Cliff another view of handling this case. I think it was because of him Cliff took this case as a research and not as part of his job. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE BOOK The very interesting part of this book is the way author relates all the problems to astronomy and physics. Most of the time it was his physicist friends who helped him crack the puzzle and find hints related to the hacker. The reader must be good at computer security or astronomy in order to understand the relations made between them by the author. Author also analyzes people relating to physics and planet study. Cliff describes his new boss Marv Atchley and his division head Roy Kerth in physics aspect. Roy who was a college professor teaching about collisions, protons and anti-protons. He related his students and staff to his subatomic particles: keep them in their orbits, energize them and then shoot them into static positions. Roy was fed up of the year long delays and excuses given by computer professionals. Author analyzed Roy and always made sure to start of a conversation something about relativistic physics before he could move on to computer related issues. That way author expected some kind of support for his tracking business, but Roy was a person who believed everything that had been proved or had some proof. This made the author to maintain a logbook, in which he entered every single word related to this case. He even had dotted down the conversations made with every person whom he contacted for help. This logbook concept actually helped him to analyze the hacker and his activities, sometimes saved him from getting screwed by his higher authorities and also helped him to write his paper titled â€Å"Stalking the Wily Hacker†. Though the techniques used by the author to trace the hacker is out dated now, but his way of approach is definitely amazing. How he relates this case to astronomy and physics is a very unique way. Another physics aspect applied for detection is: When the hacker fires a universal file transfer program called Kermit. The hacker also used the Kermit program on his system, because the Kermit program checks each of its files after it has copied it from one computer to another. This proved the author that the hacker was obviously having all the sessions printed out and also copied on to a floppy disk. Here author calculates the distance between his computer and the hacker’s by the concept of sound travelled and its echo heard. This way he arrives at a result of 279,000 miles but since his technician Lloyd was very good at communications explains him about the delays which occurred during communication between satellites and the earth, the hacker using a slow computer and the data transferred in the form of packets. Thus they land up with a result of 6000 miles. Another interesting way Maggie Morley cracked the word puzzle which led to a hint of hacker’s location. Though this is not physics approach, but definitely it is a different way of approach to solve a problem. Maggie gives the meaning of Jaeger, in German it meant Hunter and it was a name of a hunting bird. Hunter and Jaeger were the passwords used by the hacker. Hedgers and Benson were the name Cigars. So this lead to a conclusion that hacker must be somewhere in Germany and that he smoked. Dave Cleveland also gives a clue, which the hacker is not from the west coast. He comes to this conclusion by seeing the hacker type ps-eafg Unix command. This meant to Dave that the hacker didn’t know Berkeley Unix. The best way to learn new things is to make mistakes and learn from your mistakes and the best way to understand others is to put your legs in their shoes. Cliff uses same technique; he tries to be hacker himself to break into Mitre systems. He was successful in logging into Mitre and finding out holes in its internal networks. He tried to log in to Mitre through Tymnet connection as the hacker had done. This proved that it was possible for anyone to break into the most secured network systems and also helped to find the holes in the system. Cliff’s astronomer friends Jerry Nelson and Terry Mast play an important role in helping cracking few codes and puzzles related to the hacker. Jerry analyzed the codes and numbers given by the phone technician while tracing out the hackers line. He said that 703 was area code to Virginia and C and P meant Chesapeake and Potomac. The next time they help to crack KH-11. It was a secret spy satellite, KH stands for Key Hole and 11 was the series number. We should also be aware that in many countries hacking is not considered as illegal or crime. Some countries actually support hackers and maintain secret group of hackers to hack sensitive information of other countries. In this case it is very difficult to trace the hackers and punish them. The author not just keeps an eye on the hacker’s activities and trying to trace him but also tries to explain it to other authorities who could help him with this case. So he begins to talk to people at FBI, Teejay at CIA, Zeke at NCSC, some spies and spooks. That way he actually becomes a spy himself trying in his own way to catch the hacker. This experience teaches him how to talk and explain things to such people and also very well understands that every department was not interested or were not ready to take up the case. This way he understands what importance people gave to the information and network security. CONCLUSION This book tells us how the government treated a security issue. It is really pity that they were just bothered about the loss in figures and not the sensitive information that was stolen. The FBI, CIA, NCSC, NSA all of them had the same idea. They were worried about their reputation or about the loss in figures. They did not realize that the hacker was stealing some very sensitive information related to the U.S army, navy, and military. If they had been co-operative to Cliff they could have caught the hacker mush before and did not need a year. But now the FBI is very concerned about the Cyber crime and identity theft. I learnt that they would take serious action in investigating such cases. This is definitely very important in today’s world. As the number of users and systems are increasing, technology is advanced, people are connected not just through telephone lines, wires and cables but also they are connected wirelessly through Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connections which make them more vulnerable to security threats. As number of users and system and technology is rising, number of cyber crimes and hackers are also increasing. Now the hackers are very intelligent unlike our Cuckoo in the book. Markus Hess could have been easily caught with the help of the FBI and NSA as he was leaving his traces everywhere. For example the passwords and the connections used were easily predictable. Today the hacker may be sitting next to you but it is very difficult to trace them. Hence complicated and advanced techniques and technologies must be implemented. At the same time it is everybody’s responsibility to make sure that the information related to them personally or professionally must be secured.